Variable

Median

r₊

W

Q

n

Studies

Developmental History

Negative relationship with mother

.11

.16

3.00**

.85

378

20, 30.1, 39

Family problems (general)

.07

.08

2.12*

6.22

812

5, 6.1, 37, 43.1, 47

Juvenile delinquency

.06

.07

2.74**

8.20

1,486

4, 5, 6.1, 12.1, 37, 46, 56

Negative relationship with father

.00

.02

.37

.80

377

20, 30.1, 39

Sexually abused as child

.00

-.01

.90

8.18

5,051

6.1, 9.1, 20, 30.1, 56

Demographic Factors

Age

-.09

-.13

10.97***

51.62***

6,969

1.1, 5, 9.2, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23.1, 26.1, 29.1, 36.1, 38, 39, 40, 43.2, 46, 47, 49, 51, 53, 61

-.08

-.10

8.64***

111.77***

8,184

including outlier 48

Single (never married)

.11

.11

5.91***

9.62

2,850

18, 19, 20, 38, 39, 43.1, 46, 49

Married (currently)

-.08

-.09

4.83***

14.14

2,828

1.2, 18, 19, 20, 34, 38, 39, 46, 47, 49

Employment instability

.07

.07

1.81

3.56

762

1.2, 43.3, 47, 49, 51

.07

.39

29.32***

106.64***

5,143

including outlier 9.1

Social class (low)

.00

.05

1.82

1.28

1,622

1.2, 18, 19, 29.1, 29.2, 47

.01

.20

15.61***

54.98***

6,003

including outlier 9.1

Low education

.00

-.03

1.51

12.61*

2,304

1.2, 19, 20, 30.1, 39, 43.1, 47

Minority race

.00

.00

.16

13.02*

2,505

1.2, 6.1, 37, 39, 46, 47, 53

Non-sexual criminal history

Prior offenses (any/non-sexual)

.12

.13

12.35***

44.31***

8,683

8, 9.2, 11.2, 18, 20, 23.1, 24.2, 26.1, 30.1, 31.1, 38, 39, 43.2, 44.2, 46, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53

Admissions to corrections

.08

.09

3.10**

6.50

1,074

23.1, 38, 43.2, 46

Prior violent offenses

.01

.05

1.91

11.55*

1,421

12.2, 20, 38, 43.2, 46, 49

Prior non-violent offenses

-.02

.00

.08

4.73

685

20, 43.2, 46

Sexual Criminal History

Prior sex offenses

.19

.19

20.45***

81.25***

11,294

1.2, 4, 5, 6.1, 7, 8, 9.2, 12.2, 18, 20, 23.1, 28, 29.1, 29.2, 30.2, 31.1, 34, 36.2, 38, 39, 40, 43.3, 44.1, 46, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53

.20

.29

37.11***

513.77***

15,675

including outlier 9.1

Victim stranger (versus acquaintance)

.22

.15

3.16**

8.29

465

5, 36.2, 39, 49

.26

.38

27.65***

39.34***

4,846

including outlier 9.1

Victim female child

-.08

-.14

14.22***

51.12***

10,198

1.2, 9.1, 12.2, 18, 19, 20, 25, 29.1, 32, 38, 39, 40, 43.1, 47, 48, 49, 52

Early onset of sex offending

.14

.12

3.55***

1.05

919

4, 18, 20, 51

.11

.03

1.07

32.17***

1,175

including outlier 37

Victim related child

-.12

-.11

9.33***

31.79

6,889

1.2, 2, 3, 5, 6.2, 8, 11.1, 18, 19, 20, 23.1, 25, 29.1, 36.2, 38, 39, 42, 44.1, 48, 49, 52

-.12

-.30

32.60***

696.49***

11,270

including outlier 9.1

Victim male child

.06

.11

11.12***

39.53**

10,294

1.2, 5, 9.1, 12.2, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26.1, 29.1, 32, 38, 39, 40, 43.1, 47, 48, 49, 52

Diverse sex crimes

.08

.10

7.95***

1.85

6,011

9.3, 17, 40, 43.1, 51

.08

.11

8.58***

22.30

6,109

including outlier 1.2

Exhibitionism

.11

.09

6.48***

15.57

4,826

11.1, 19, 20, 23.1, 30.2, 32, 35, 40, 41, 44.1, 47, 48, 49, 52

.10

.03

3.30***

49.59***

9,826

including outlier 9.3

Any adult male victims

.10

.09

4.54***

9.07

2,291

38, 39, 43.1, 48, 49

Victims children of both sexes

.04

.09

7.50***

52.51***

7,598

1.2, 9.3, 12.2, 19, 20, 32, 38, 39, 47

Rapist

.06

.07

8.44***

122.39***

15,181

2, 3, 5, 6.2, 7, 9.3, 11.1, 12.1, 17, 19, 25, 26.1, 30.2, 32, 36.2, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43.1, 44.3, 48, 49, 52, 53

Young child victim (versus older child)

.08

.05

1.97*

7.93

1,828

1.2, 19, 20, 29.1, 36.1, 38, 39, 48, 49

Current sentence length

.05

.04

2.40*

14.98*

2,927

18, 20, 38, 39, 46, 49, 53

Degree of sexual contact

-.16

-.03

.96

25.17***

828

5, 6.1, 18, 23.1, 29.1, 32

Any child victims (child molesters)

-.05

-.03

3.76***

76.75***

13,683

2, 3, 5, 7, 9.3, 11.1, 12.1, 17, 19, 25, 26.1, 30.2, 32, 34, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43.1, 44.4, 47, 48, 49, 52

Force/injury to victims

.00

.01

.39

7.26

1,564

4, 6.1, 23.1, 29.2, 29.2, 39, 43.3, 51

.02

.25

20.10***

172.68***

5,982

including outliers 9.1, 10

Clinical Assessment Variables

Sex Crime Specific Variables

Phallometric assessment – sexual preference for children

.20

.32

23.27***

36.79***

4,853

9.1, 29.1, 29.2, 36.1, 38, 43.5, 55.1

Deviant sexual preference

.20

.22

5.22***

1.11

570

6.1, 12.2, 26.2, 34, 43.2

Low motivation for treatment

.15

.15

10.66***

14.60*

5,149

1.2, 6.1, 9.1, 39, 50, 57, 58, 56

Phallometric assessment – sexual preference for boys

.15

.14

2.15*

.17

239

26.2, 36.1, 38

Deviant sexual attitudes

.09

.09

1.90

1.49

439

1.1, 6.1, 20, 38

.08

.01

.24

15.68**

549

including outlier 5

Legally classified as MDSO

.03

.07

2.20*

20.03***

1,043

4, 25, 27

Phallometric assessment- sexual preference for rape

.00

.05

.95

2.03

320

26.2, 38, 43.4, 55.1

Empathy for victims

.03

.03

1.77

3.29

4,670

6.1, 9.1, 39

Length of treatment

.00

.03

1.34

.75

1,891

19, 24.1, 43.3, 54

Denial of sex offense

.03

.02

.46

2.29

762

5, 6.1, 26.2, 29.2, 39, 54

.03

.16

11.19***

19.21**

5,143

including outlier 9.1

General Psychological Variables

Severely disordered

.12

.25

3.39***

6.72*

184

10, 38, 39

Any personality disorder

.13

.16

2.78**

5.73

315

8, 38, 43.1

Antisocial personality disorder

.17

.14

4.10***

2.29

811

12.2, 12.3, 18, 38, 43.2, 55.1

.16

.09

4.07***

6.41

2,113

including outlier 19

Anger problems

.10

.13

1.89

2.57

231

20, 38, 39

Low intelligence

.04

.09

6.44***

13.99

5,651

9.1, 18, 20, 24.1, 26.2, 29.1, 29.2, 39, 43.3

Cognitive impairment/brain damage

-.05

-.05

1.93

3.02

1,502

18, 19, 40

Depression

-.11

-.05

.68

2.66

219

5, 38, 39

Anxiety

.07

.04

.66

.24

226

20, 38, 39

Social skills

.04

-.04

.72

4.43

379

6.1, 12.2, 39

Any substance abuse problem

.07

.03

1.03

2.39

914

6.2, 36.2, 38, 40, 51, 56, 57

General psychological problem

.00

.01

.22

.25

655

5, 20, 26.2, 30.1, 38, 39

Alcohol abuse problem

.00

.00

.06

4.69

2,013

8, 12.1, 19, 30.1, 38, 39, 59

MMPI L - Lie

-.04

-.05

.96

6.34

393

20, 24.1, 39, 59

MMPI F - Infrequency

.00

.01

.17

.70

393

20, 24.1, 39, 59

MMPI K - Defensiveness

.02

-.03

.68

3.18

393

20, 24.1, 39, 59

MMPI 1 - Hypochondriasis

-.02

-.03

.61

.47

393

20, 24.1, 39, 59

MMPI 2 - Depression

-.01

.01

.22

2.39

393

20, 24.1, 39, 59

MMPI 3 - Hysteria

.04

.07

1.42

2.86

393

20, 24.1, 39, 59

MMPI 4 - Psychopathic deviate

.10

.10

1.87

2.45

393

20, 24.1, 39, 59

MMPI 5 - Masculinity-femininity

.17

.27

4.12***

4.73

239

20, 29.1, 59

MMPI 6 - Paranoia

.10

.16

3.19**

13.22**

393

20, 24.1, 39, 59

MMPI 7 - Psychasthenia

.05

.09

1.77

5.40

393

20, 24.1, 39, 59

MMPI 8 - Schizophrenia

.10

.09

1.70

2.73

393

20, 24.1, 39, 59

MMPI 9 - Hypomania

-.10

-.08

1.31

3.75

289

20, 24.1, 59

-.05

.11

1.98*

37.78***

393

including outlier 39

MMPI 0 - Social introversion

.08

.00

.09

7.57

393

20, 24.1, 39, 59

Variable

Median

r₊

W

Q

n

Studies

Developmental History

Juvenile delinquency

.20

.22

6.61***

1.88

906

6.1, 12.2, 37, 46

Demographic Factors

Age

-.22

-.24

14.07***

22.06**

3,376

20, 26.1, 38, 39, 46, 49, 53

-.16

-.22

13.35***

45.76***

3,530

including outlier 24.1

Single (never married)

.10

.10

3.75***

9.22

1,380

20, 38, 39, 46, 49

Married (currently)

-.07

-.10

3.53***

14.70**

1,380

20, 38, 39, 46, 49

Minority race

.16

.23

10.38***

11.21**

1,981

39, 46, 53

Non-sexual Criminal History

Prior violent offenses

.21

.21

7.35***

1.64

1,203

12.2, 20, 24.2, 46, 49

.22

.26

10.65***

16.95**

1,585

including outlier 38

Prior offenses (any/non-sexual)

.12

.11

7.43***

7.43

3,450

20, 24.2, 26.1, 38, 46, 49, 53

.14

.14

8.42***

48.26

3,746

including outlier 39

Sexual Criminal History

Rapist

.22

.23

14.84***

41.09***

4,040

12.1, 17, 24.2, 25, 16.1, 38, 39, 44.3, 49, 53

Any child victims (child molesters)

-.17

-.16

8.62***

44.99***

2,742

12.1, 17, 24.2, 25, 26.1, 28.1, 39, 44.4, 49

Any adult male victims

-.11

-.13

3.87***

.78

898

38, 39, 49

Victim related child

-.12

-.12

4.99***

4.85

1,611

20, 25, 38, 39, 44.4, 49

Young child (versus older child)

-.08

-.11

2.90**

1.85

758

20, 38, 39, 49

Victim male child

-.09

-.09

3.13**

6.79

1,245

20, 25, 38, 39, 49

Current sentence length

-.02

-.02

.76

4.88

2,407

20, 39, 46, 49, 53

-.01

.03

1.56

40.72***

2,788

including outlier 38

Prior sex offenses

.00

.02

1.04

8.01

4,300

6.2, 7.1, 12.2, 20, 38, 39, 46, 49, 53

Victim female child

-.05

-.02

.68

24.42***

1,847

20, 25, 26.1, 38, 39, 49

Victims children of both sexes

.01

-.02

.69

1.54

869

20, 38, 39

Clinical Assessment Variables

Sex Crime Specific Variables

Phallometric assessment – sexual preference for rape

.17

.03

.52

17.34***

290

26.2, 38, 55.1

General Psychological Variables

Antisocial personality disorder

.18

.19

4.18***

1.98

494

12.2, 12.3, 38, 55.1

Anger problems

-.09

-.09

1.40

1.04

231

20, 38, 39

Low intelligence

.00

.07

1.72

8.48*

695

20, 24.1, 39

Alcohol abuse problem

.07

.07

1.33

.18

340

12.2, 38, 39

Anxiety

-.07

-.04

.60

2.33

229

20, 38, 39

General psychological problem

-.02

.00

.02

3.67

348

20, 26.2, 38, 39

MMPI L - Lie

.00

.01

.16

5.31

335

20, 24.1, 39

MMPI F - Infrequency

-.08

-.08

1.43

2.67

335

20, 24.1, 39

MMPI K - Defensiveness

.07

.11

2.07*

6.93*

335

20, 24.1, 39

MMPI 1 - Hypochondriasis

-.06

-.11

1.96

.81

335

20, 24.1, 39

MMPI 2 - Depression

-.09

-.07

1.31

11.26**

335

20, 24.1, 39

MMPI 3 - Hysteria

.00

-.05

.92

2.27

335

20, 24.1, 39

MMPI 4 - Psychopathic deviate

.08

.13

2.37*

2.62

335

20, 24.1, 39

MMPI 5 - Masculinity-femininity

-.09

-.10

1.82

4.81

335

20, 24.1, 39

MMPI 6 - Paranoia

.00

.00

.00

.07

335

20, 24.1, 39

MMPI 7 - Psychasthenia

.00

-.02

.34

.77

335

20, 24.1, 39

MMPI 8 - Schizophrenia

.00

-.01

.13

.02

335

20, 24.1, 39

MMPI 9 - Hypomania

.00

.02

.44

.99

335

20, 24.1, 39

MMPI 0 - Social introversion

-.15

-.16

2.93**

10.37**

335

20, 24.1, 39

Variable

Median

r₊

W

Q

n

Studies

Developmental History

Juvenile delinquency

.20

.28

9.60***

15.03*

1,113

5, 6.1, 30.1, 37, 46

.20

.20

8.07***

42.18***

1,574

including outlier 15

Negative relationship with mother

.14

.14

2.61**

1.13

350

20, 39, 55.2

Sexually abused as child

.00

.10

2.13*

6.71*

473

6.1, 20, 55.2

General family problems

.06

.07

1.73

4.50

698

5, 6.1, 30.1, 55.2

Negative relationship with father

.00

.02

.39

.94

335

20, 39, 55.2

Demographic Factors

Age

-.18

-.16

14.28***

74.10***

8,250

5, 6.1, 11.1, 20, 30.1, 31.3, 36.1, 38, 39, 43.5, 46, 48, 49, 53

Single (never married)

.14

.11

7.50***

7.11

5,038

11.1, 20, 30.1, 31.3, 38, 39, 43.4, 46, 49

Minority race

.08

.10

5.15***

11.57*

2,919

6.2, 15, 37, 39, 46, 53

.10

.14

7.91***

49.35***

3,358

including 11.1

Married (currently)

-.11

-.08

6.47***

28.37***

6,445

11.1, 15, 16, 20, 30.1, 31.3, 38, 39, 46, 49

Education

.00

.01

.37

1.97

914

15, 20, 39

Non-sexual Criminal History

Admissions to corrections

.22

.25

7.33***

2.21

834

38, 43.5, 46

Prior offenses (any/non-sexual)

.25

.23

19.77***

52.63***

7,565

8, 11.1, 14, 15, 20, 25, 31.2, 33, 38, 39, 43.5, 44.1, 46, 49, 53

Prior violent offenses

.18

.20

6.83***

6.89

1,184

20, 38, 43.4, 46, 49

Sexual Criminal History

Force/injury to victim

.11

.13

4.85***

.76

1,304

6.1, 16, 39

Prior sex offenses

.12

.12

11.75***

48.50***

8,975

5, 6.1, 7, 8, 15, 16, 20, 31.3, 36.2, 38, 39, 43.5, 46, 49, 53

Related child victim

-.16

-.12

9.81***

31.65**

6,735

2, 5, 8, 11.1, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 31.2, 36.2, 38, 39, 44.4, 49

Child molester

-.12

-.08

6.39***

72.62***

5,798

2, 5, 7, 11.1, 12.1, 16, 25, 30.1, 32, 38, 39, 44.4, 48, 49

Stranger victim (versus acquaintance)

.08

.07

1.52

2.92

465

5, 36.2, 39, 49

Any adult male victims

.03

.07

3.62***

14.33**

2,499

16, 38, 39, 48, 49

Rapist

.05

.05

5.94***

84.07***

14,753

2, 5, 7, 8, 11.1, 12.1, 16, 22, 25, 30.1, 31.2, 32, 36.2, 38, 39, 44.3, 48, 49, 53

Young child (versus older child)

-.02

-.03

.93

12.77*

1,056

20, 33, 36.2, 38, 39, 48, 49

Exhibitionist

.05

.04

3.31***

12.70*

5,467

11.1, 20, 30.1, 31.2, 32, 48, 49

Male child victim

.08

.03

1.98*

17.25

5,943

5, 18, 20, 25, 31.2, 32, 38, 39, 43.4, 48, 49

Sexual intrusiveness

-.08

-.03

.53

16.84***

438

5, 6.1, 23.2, 32

Victims children of both sexes

.01

.02

.72

8.88*

1,044

20, 32, 38, 39

Female child victim

-.08

-.01

1.11

53.04***

6,052

18, 20, 25, 31.2, 32, 33, 38, 39, 43.4, 48, 49

Sentence length

.01

.00

.13

1.13

1,034

20, 39, 46, 49

.04

.08

3.09**

24.48***

1,415

including outlier 38

Clinical Assessment Variables

Sex Crime Specific Variables

Motivation for treatment

.16

.14

4.47***

11.49

983

6.2, 30.1, 39, 45, 50, 56, 58, 60

Alcohol use during offense

.00

.12

4.48***

16.04***

1,395

15, 16, 20

Denial of sex offense

.23

.12

2.37*

12.76**

408

5, 6.1, 39

Phallometric assessment – sexual preference for children

.19

.11

1.68

5.93

233

36.1, 38, 55.1

Legally classified as MDSO

.04

-.10

3.38***

15.36***

1,053

4, 25, 27

Previously failed treatment for sexual offense

-.04

-.07

2.62**

4.71

1,380

16, 39, 13

Deviant attitudes toward sex

-.03

.06

1.04

1.94

338

6.1, 20, 38

-.04

-.01

.28

8.62*

448

including outlier 5

Clinical Assessment Variables

General Psychological Variables

Any personality disorder

.22

.21

3.53***

4.63***

273

8, 38, 43.5

Antisocial personality disorder

.23

.16

10.38***

9.27

3,977

6.1, 12.3, 18, 32, 38, 55.1, 13

Alcohol abuse problem

.13

.11

6.80***

3.46

3,552

8, 32, 38, 39, 59

Anger problems

.11

.09

1.41

2.44

231

20, 38, 39

Anxiety

.08

.07

1.01

1.49

226

20, 38, 39

Severely disordered

.03

.03

1.52

1.59

3,332

32, 38, 39

Any substance abuse problem

-.03

-.01

.25

5.29

422

6.1, 36.2, 38

General psychological problem

-.03

.01

.13

5.51

306

5, 20, 38, 39

Depression

-.01

.00

.06

2.30

219

5, 38, 39

Low intelligence

.01

.00

.15

6.27

5,004

15, 20, 32, 48

.00

-.01

.86

15.54**

5,274

including outlier 39

MMPI L - Lie

.04

-.02

.25

1.26

239

20, 39, 59

MMPI F - Infrequency

.01

.02

.30

1.47

239

20, 39, 59

MMPI K - Defensiveness

.12

.01

.11

6.54*

239

20, 39, 59

MMPI 1 - Hypochondriasis

-.10

-.07

1.09

1.38

239

20, 39, 59

MMPI 2 - Depression

.00

-.03

.51

.73

239

20, 39, 59

MMPI 3 - Hysteria

-.05

-.07

1.06

.36

239

20, 39, 59

MMPI 4 - Psychopathic deviate

.09

.10

1.52

.82

239

20, 39, 59

MMPI 5 - Masculinity-femininity

.02

.04

.53

.39

239

20, 39, 59

MMPI 6 - Paranoia

.05

.06

.89

.84

239

20, 39, 59

MMPI 7 - Psychasthenia

.09

.09

1.35

.45

239

20, 39, 59

MMPI 8 - Schizophrenia

.04

.02

.26

4.08

239

20, 39, 59

MMPI 9 - Hypomania

-.02

.09

1.34

11.56

239

20, 39, 59

MMPI 0 - Social introversion

-.01

-.03

.39

1.56

239

20, 39, 59

Variable

Median

r₊

W

Q

n

Studies

Sexual Recidivism

Clinical assessment

.04

.10

3.81***

16.10

1,453

5, 6.1, 21, 25, 27, 36.2, 39, 43.5, 51, 54

Statistical

.44

.46

12.19***

15.06**

684

1.2, 5, 12.2, 20, 29.2, 43.1

Non-sexual Violent Recidivism

Clinical assessment

.06

.06

1.51

1.10

544

24.1, 25, 39

Statistical

.45

.46

9.01***

.65

343

12.2, 20, 24.1

General Recidivism

Clinical Assessment

.11

.14

4.69***

17.81**

1,067

5, 6.1, 13, 21, 25, 27, 36.2, 39

Statistical

.42

.42

9.38***

.87

453

5, 13, 20, 43.4, 43.6

Number in tables

Study

1.1

Gore (1988)

1.2

Abel, Mittelman, Becker, Rathner, & Rouleau (1988)

2

Gordon & Bergin (1990)

3

Graham (1991)

4

Frisbie (1969)

5

Smith & Monastersky (1986)

6.1

Schram, Milloy, & Rowe (1991)

6.2

Kahn & Chambers (1991)

7

Gordon & Porporino (1990)

8

Tracy, Donnelly, Morgenbesser, & MacDonald (1985)

9.1

Maletzky (1993)

9.2

Maletzky (1980)

9.3

Maletzky (1991)

10

Hackett (1971)

11.1

Broadhurst & Maller (1992)

11.2

Broadhurst & Maller (1991)

12.1

Prentky, Knight, & Lee (1994)

12.2

Prentky, Knight, & Lee (1995)

12.3

Prentky, Knight, Lee, & Cerce (1995)

13

Wormith & Ruhl (1987)

14

Nutbrown & Stasiak (1987)

15

Pacht & Roberts (1968)

16

Motiuk & Brown (1993)

17

Grünfeld & Nöreik (1986)

18

Fitch (1962)

19

Frisbie & Dondis (1965)

20

Hanson, Steffy, & Gauthier (1993b)

21

Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services (1984)

22

Beck & Shipley (1989)

23.1

Mair & Wilson (1995)

23.2

Mair & Stevens (1994)

24.1

Hall (1988)

24.2

Hall & Proctor (1987)

25

Sturgeon & Taylor (1980)

26.1

Marques, Day, Nelson, & West (1993)

26.2

Marques, Nelson, West, & Day (1994)

27

Dix (1976)

28

Marshall (1994)

29.1

Marshall & Barbaree (1988)

29.2

Barbaree & Marshall (1988)

30.1

Meyers & Romero (1980)

30.2

Romero & Williams (1983)

31.1

Stü rup (1961)

31.2

Stü rup (1960)

31.3

Christiansen, Elers-Nielson, Le Maire, & Stü rup (1965)

32

Stü rup (1953)

33

Bluglass (1980)

34

Rooth & Marks (1974)

35

Weaver & Fox (1984)

36.1

Malcolm, Andrews, & Quinsey (1993)

36.2

Khanna, Brown, Malcolm, & Williams (1989)

37

Doshey (1943)

38

Proulx, Pellerin, McKibben, Aubut, & Ouimet (1995)

39

Reddon, Studer, & Estrada (1995)

40

Meyer, Cole, & Emory (1992)

41

Mohr, Turner, & Jerry (1964)

42

Vermont Treatment Centre for Prevention and Treatment of Sexual Abuse (1991)

43.1

Quinsey, Rice, & Harris (1995)

43.2

Quinsey, Lalumière, Rice, & Harris (1995)

43.3

Quinsey, Rice, & Harris (1990)

43.4

Rice, Harris, & Quinsey (1990)

43.5

Rice, Quinsey, & Harris (1989)

43.6

Rice, Quinsey, & Harris (1991)

43.7

Rice & Harris (1995)

44.1

Gibbens, Soothill, & Way (1978)

44.2

Soothill, Jack, & Gibbens (1976)

44.3

Gibbens, Soothill, & Way (1980)

44.4

Gibbens, Way, & Soothill (1977)

45

Perkins (1987)

46

Bonta & Hanson (1995)

47

Federoff, Wisner-Carlson, & Berlin (1992)

48

Radzinowicz (1957)

49

Thornton (1995)

50

Hall (1995b)

51

Epperson, Kaul, & Hout (1995)

52

Wing (circa 1984)

53

Song & Lieb (1995)

54

Ryan & Miyoshi (1990)

55.1

Gretton, McBride, & Hare (1995)

55.2

McBride, Gretton, & Hare (1995)

56

Lab, Shields, & Schondel (1993)

57

Money & Bennett (1981)

58

Pierson (1989)

59

Davis, Hoffman, & Stacken (1991)

60

Smiley & Mulloy (1995)

61

McConaghy, Blaszczynski, Armstrong, & Kidson (1989)